1.

情態動詞+have done

的構成

may/might have done

可能已經發生了某事

could have done

本能夠做某事

can't/couldn’t have done

不可能已經發生了某事

must have done

一定已經發生了某事

would have done

本來會做某事

should/ought to have done

本應該做某事但沒有做

shouldn't/oughtn't to have done

本不應該做某事但做了

need have done

本需要做某事但沒有做

needn't have done

本不需要做某事但做了

2.

情態動詞+have done

的用法

情態動詞+have done

的用法主要包括兩個方面：一.

表示對過去所發生事情的推測或假設；二.

表示對過去所發生事情的責備或遺憾。

①

may/might have done

可能已經發生了某事。對過去所發生動作的不太肯定的推測。用於肯定句中，may

和might

意思相同，但might

可能性更小，多用於虛擬語氣中。

By expressing love for his children in such a special way， Tolkien

may indeed have been

the real Father Christmas。

透過這種特別的方式表達對孩子們的愛，托爾金可能真的是真正的聖誕老人。（新外研版必修二）

You can check his office。 He

might have been

there already。

你可以去他的辦公室看看。他可能已經到那兒了。

If he had been given more encouragement， he

might have made

greater progress。

如果給他更多的鼓勵，他可能會取得更大的進步。（與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣）

②

can/could have done

本能夠做某事，

can have done

用於疑問句，表示對過去所發生事情的懷疑。

could have done

用於虛擬語氣，表示對過去事情的假設，本來能夠做某事但沒有做。

There was no one in the house。 Where

can he have gone

？

房子裡一個人也沒有。他會去哪裡呢

？

If he had worked harder， he

could have passed

the exam。

如果他再努力一點，他就能透過考試了。（與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣）

③

can't /couldn't have done

不可能已經發生了某事，表示對過去所發生的事情的否定推測，否定語氣較強。couldn't have done

比can't have done

語氣委婉一些。

He

couldn't have left

for Shanghai， for I just saw him on the street。

他不可能去上海了，因為我剛剛在街上看見他了。

④

must have done

一定已經發生了某事,

只用於肯定句中，表示對過去所發生的事情的最肯定的推測，與can't /couldn't have done

相對，表示不可能已經發生了某事。

The street was wet， so it

must have rained

last night。

街道是溼的，所以昨晚一定下雨了。

The children

must have been

very excited as they opened it。

孩子們開啟它的時候一定很興奮。（新外研版必修二）

⑤

would have done

本來會做某事，用於虛擬語氣中，表示對過去所發生的事情的假設。

I

would have gone

to Beijing yesterday， but I had something urgent to do。

我本來昨天要去北京的，但我有急事要做。

⑥

should/ought to have done

本應該做某事但沒有做，表示對對方的指責或自責。用於肯定句和疑問句中。也可以表示可能性較小的推測。

You

should have arrived

on time yesterday。

你昨天應該準時到達的。

You

ought to have told

me about it earlier。

你應該早點告訴我這件事。

I

ought to have finished

the work last week。

我本應該上週就完成這項工作的。

The new teaching building

should have been completed

by the end of this term。

新教學樓應在本學期末完工。

⑦

shouldn't/oughtn't to have done

本不應該做某事但實際做了，表示對對方的指責或自責。

You

shouldn't have watched

the football so late last night。

昨天晚上你不應該看足球賽看得那麼晚。

You

oughtn't to have blamed

him too much。

你不應該過分責備他。

⑧

need have done

表示本需要做某事但沒有做；needn't have done

表示本不需要做某事但做了。

You

need have got

up early， in which case you wouldn’t have missed the train。

你本來需要早點起床，那樣你就不會誤了火車。

You

needn't have come

so early， for the meeting has been postponed for two hours。

你沒必要來這麼早，因為會議已經推遲了兩個小時。