Tropical House Urveel / Design Work Group. Image Photographix

耐火磚是什麼，有什麼用？

What Are Refractory Bricks and What Are They For？

從黃色到灰色，再到傳統的紅色和橙色，磚在許多城市中無處不在，並廣泛用於建築工程。簡而言之，傳統磚的製造過程包括將粘土成型，並在爐子裡燒製，製作實心磚、穿孔磚、科博哥磚、瓷磚和其他形式的磚。陶瓷磚便宜易得，具有很強的抗性、熱慣性和表面處理能力，而且不需要專業的施工能力。但如果將這種磚放置在高熱源附近，最終會出現開裂、斷裂的情況，相比之下，耐火磚更加適合，這意味著什麼呢？

Ranging from yellow， to gray， to traditional red and orange， bricks are ubiquitous in many of our cities and widely used in construction。 Briefly， the manufacturing process of traditional bricks involves molding clay and firing it in ovens， facilitating the creation of solid blocks， perforated blocks， cobogós， tiles， and other shapes。 Ceramic bricks are inexpensive； easy to find； boast strong resistance， thermal inertia， and finish； and do not require such specialized labor for construction。 But if the installation is done near sources of high heat， the common brick will end up cracking and breaking， making refractory bricks more suitable。 But what does that mean？

Andrey Solovev (shutterstock)

看似矛盾的是，在1000℃以上的烤箱中燒過的材料不能承受高溫，其實，主要問題是熱衝擊。當普通磚與熱源接觸時，會迅速膨脹，當熱源停止時（比如火熄滅），材料就會收縮。這些溫度的突然變化會影響結構的穩定性，會形成裂縫等嚴重問題。耐火材料是指那些能夠承受高溫而不被高溫破壞其結構、電阻或導熱性的材料。就磚材料而言，耐火磚的化學成分與普通磚不同，這會影響其顏色和導熱係數。

It may seem contradictory that a material that has been burned in ovens at temperatures of more than 1000° C cannot withstand high temperatures。 In fact， the main problem is thermal shock。 When the common brick comes into contact with a heat source， it expands quickly。 When the source ceases （the fire extinguishes， for example）， the material contracts。 These sudden changes in temperature affect the stability of the structure and can form cracks and other serious problems。 Refractory materials are those that can withstand high temperatures without the heat damaging their structure， resistance， or thermal conductivity。 In the case of bricks， the chemical composition of refractories is different from that of regular bricks， which also influences their color and thermal conductivity。

photowind (shutterstock)

baxys （shutterstock）

對於家庭用途，如烤箱、燒烤爐和壁爐，使用的耐火磚通常由粘土組成，主要含有氧化鋁和二氧化矽，這些元素能夠承受高溫。氧化鋁具有反射性，而二氧化矽則是一種優良的絕緣體。混合物中存在的氧化鋁越多，磚所能承受的溫度就越高（這是工業用途的重要考慮因素），磚的價格也就越高。矽石的顏色比較灰暗，而氧化鋁的外觀比較黃。

For domestic uses， such as ovens， barbecue grills and fireplaces， the refractory bricks used are usually composed of clay containing mainly alumina and silica， elements capable of withstanding high temperatures。 While alumina has reflective qualities， silica is an excellent insulator。 The more alumina present in the mixture， the higher the temperature that the brick will endure （an essential consideration for industrial uses） and the more expensive the piece will be。 Silica has a more grayish tint， while alumina has a more yellowish appearance。

AntoshchukLana (shutterstock)

除了技術功能外，還有建築師使用外露的耐火磚來建造和裝飾表面。在設計工作小組開發的“熱帶之家Urveel”專案中，耐火磚有多種使用方式，有時呈現出像“Indian jali”一樣的多孔形式，有時不透明且有紋理，有時形成天井，有時作為背景，這些磚可以應用在整個房子裡。

In addition to the technical function， there are architects who use exposed refractory bricks to build and coat surfaces。 In the Tropical House Urveel project， developed by Design Work Group， refractory bricks were used in several ways。 Sometimes porous like an “Indian jali，” sometimes opaque and textured， sometimes forming a patio and sometimes acting as a background， these bricks were seen throughout the house。

Tropical House Urveel / Design Work Group. Image Photographix

Oleksandr Rostunov （shutterstock）

除了磚本身，所使用的砂漿也必須能承受高溫。因此，它通常由特殊的骨料組成，如蛭石和耐火粘土，和磚一樣，它也可以含有氧化鋁（Al2O3）、莫來石-鋯石等材料。

始終要強調的是，在設計或建造將與熱源接觸的結構時，必須注意所使用的材料與當地的規定一致。為了避免材料損失或更嚴重的事故，設計前期需要付出一點時間與精力，例如積極尋求專家和製造商的建議。

In addition to the bricks themselves， the mortar used must also withstand high temperatures。 Thus， it is usually composed of special aggregates such as vermiculite and refractory clay。 Like the bricks， it can also contain alumina （Al2O3）， mullite-zirconia， and other materials。

It is always important to emphasize that， when designing or building structures that will come in contact with fire， it is essential to pay attention to the materials used in concert with local regulations。 This amount of care is a little price to pay to avoid material losses or more serious accidents。 Seeking advice from experts and manufacturers is always essential。

由專築網邢子，小R編譯

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